Synthesising Benzocaine via Reflux with a Condenser

Synthesising Benzocaine via Reflux with a Condenser Synthesis and characterisation of benzocaine experiment practical report Aim: The experiment was to synthesise benzocaine via reflux with a condenser and was characterised by examining at the infra-red spectrum and chemical shifts of NMR. Introduction: Benzocaine belongs to a collection of medication identified as local anaesthetics and generally consumed as a topical pain reliever. Its mechanism of action is to prevent nerve conduction when applied locally in appropriate concentration to nerve tissues. The main benefit of local anaesthetics is that it does not cause unconsciousness to the patient and its action could be reversible. The use of local anaesthetics presents complete tissue recovery with no permanent damage. The intention of the experiment was to synthesise benzocaine, an ester, from 4-aminobenzoic acid, a carboxylic acid, by Fischer Esterification. The mechanism in figure 1 was to combined 4-aminobenzoic acid and ethanol in a reflux reaction with the addition of sulphuric acid as a catalyst to produce the product. Figure 1 Method: In week one of the experiment, 4-aminobenzoic acid (3.0g), methylated spirits (20cm3) and concentrated sulphuric acid (3.0ml) was added to a dry round bottom flask (100cm3). A condenser was then placed onto the flask. Next, the mixture was placed on a heating mantle and the reflux reaction was carried out for thirty minutes. Afterwards, the reaction mixture was cooled down to room temperature and the condenser was removed. The mixture was gently stirred with a glass rod while sodium hydroxide solution 20 % (20cm3) was added slowly until the mixture has reached neutral using strips of pH paper. Subsequently, pour the contents into a beaker containing 70cm3 of ice and rinse the flask with fresh distilled water into the beaker until the capacity is 150cm3. A Buchner funnel was then used in vacuum filtration to isolate the product. Lastly the product was transferred to a watch glass and dried in the oven for 15 minutes. In week two the experiment was repeated, conversely, isoprop yl alcohol was used instead of methylated spirits. Results: Percentage Yield = (Actual Yield / Theoretical Yield) x 100 1st week’s percentage yield C7H7NO2= 127 + 7 + 14 + 32= 137g/mol C2H5OH= 24 + 5 + 16 + 1= 46 g/mol C9H11NO2= 108 + 11 + 14 + 32 = 165g/mol 1st step: 3g divide 137 g/mol = 0.0219mol à ¯Ã†â€™Ã… ¸ limiting reagent 2nd step: 0.789g/ml of methylated spirit x 20ml (used) = 15.78g 3rd step: 15.78g divide 46g/mol = 0.343mol 4th step: 0.0219mol x 165g/mol = 3.6135g theoretical mass of benzocaine First week’s product mass (benzocaine): 2.28grams Percentage yield: 2.28g/3.6135g= 0.63 x 100 = 63% 2nd week’s percentage yield C7H7NO2= 127 + 7 + 14 + 32 = 137g/mol C2H5OH= 24 + 5 + 16 + 1= 46g/mol C10H13NO2= 179g/mol 1st step: 3g divide 137g/mol= 0.0219mol à ¯Ã†â€™Ã… ¸ limiting reagent 2nd step: 0.786g/ml of Isopropyl alcohol x 20ml (used) = 15.72g 3rd step: 15.72g divide 46g/mol = 0.342mol 4th step: 0.0219mol x 179g/mol = 3.92g theoretical mass of Isopropyl 4-aminobenzoate Second week’s product mass (Isopropyl 4-aminobenzoate): 0.29grams Percentage yield: 0.29g/3.92g= 7.4% Ethyl 4-aminobenzoate (benzocaine) first week’s product Experiment melting point: 92-96 degrees Celsius Reference melting point: 80-90 degrees Celsius Isopropyl 4-aminobenzoate second week’s product Experiment melting point: 83-85 degrees Celsius Reference melting point: 84 degrees Celsius 13Carbon-NMR4-aminobenzoic acid: Benzocaine: H-NMR 4-aminobenzoic acid: Benzocaine: Infrared Analysis (Benzocaine) Week 1 product: (Isopropyl 4-aminobenzoate) Week 2 product: DEPT-135 NMR 4-aminobenzoic acid Benzocaine Discussion of results: In the experiment, the final appearance of both products appears to be crystalline like powders after drying them in the oven. The first product (benzocaine) melting point appears to be 92-96 degrees Celsius and compare to the theoretical value, it was considered high. Conversely, the second product (isopropyl 4-aminobenzoic acid) melting point was 83-85 degrees Celsius and compare to the theoretical value, it was within the range. Due to the fact that the first product has a higher melting point, it is considered that sample was heated too fast using the heating apparatus or the period the product was in the oven may have been too short therefore excess water are trapped in the product causing extra hydrogen bonding in the molecule, hence higher energy was needed to break the bonds. Melting point accuracy depicts purity of the product therefore the shorter the range of melting point implies a productive synthesis. Furthermore, the mass was obtained as the actual yield from benzocaine and isopropyl 4-aminobenzoate to calculate the percentage yield. The theoretical yield of benzocaine was 3.6135grams and the mass obtained in the experiment was 2.28grams, giving a percentage yield of 63 %. This is a high percentage yield, representing a productive synthesis. Conversely, in the second experiment the theoretical yield was 3.92 grams and the mass obtained in the experiment was 0.29grams, giving a percentage yield of 7.4 %. This is a relatively low yield, representing a poor synthesis. This failure synthesis may have been due to several errors including inaccurate instrumental handling techniques, loss of product due to several transferences, inaccurate measurement of resources, and not scraping the entire product out of the Buchner funnel. (4-aminobenzoic acid) (Benzocaine) In H-NMR, 4-aminobenzoic acid and benzocaine was identified. By looking at 4-aminobenzoic acid, there were 5 distinct peaks representing 5 distinct proton atmospheres available in the molecule. However the structure of benzocaine, the H-NMR identifies 6 distinct peaks representing 6 distinct proton atmospheres. By observing the peaks in the both molecules, similar singlet peaks were found. The singlet peak for 4-aminobenzoic acid was 5.7747ppm and benzocaine was 4.0609ppm.Both singlet groups were considered amine groups since the 2 hydrogen connected to the nitrogen (pink) creates the same environment therefore only 1 peak was found. In both molecules, the amine group is considered as an electron donating group since it shields the hydrogen on the adjacent carbons (blue) in the aromatic ring. This shielding causes the hydrogen on the adjacent carbons (blue) to have a lower chemical shift in the spectrum than the hydrogen on the other carbons (red) in the aromatic ring. Furthermore, the hydrogen on the other carbons (red) has a higher chemical shift due to the close distance with the carbonyl group. The carbonyl group is electronegative therefore shifting them at a lower magnetic field. There is a distinct peak appeared in 4-aminobenzoic acid spectrum, showing a chemical shift of 12 ppm which is considered to be part of the hydrogen of the –COOH (light blue). As benzocaine has a longer chain compared to 4-aminobenzoic acid, further observation was needed. In benzocaine a peak was found at about 4.2907ppm-4.3441ppm and has a splitting pattern of quartet. A quartet shows that it had 3 adjacent hydrogen atoms therefore it is related to CH2 (green). Furthermore, another peak was found at about 1.3447ppm-1.3804ppm and has a splitting pattern of triplet. A triplet shows that it had 2 adjacent hydrogen atoms therefore it is related to CH3. Since the carbon of CH2 is closer to the oxygen comparing to CH3 therefore it is more de-shielded causing it to be found at a lower magnetic field. Lastly, there were distinct peaks seen in the spectrum for solvent in benzocaine and 4-aminobenzoic acid. In 4-aminobenzoic acid H-NMR, a peak was found at about 2.4630ppm-2.4676ppm and was found to be the solvent DMSO. In benzocaine, a singlet peak was found at 7.2626pm and was found to be the solvent chloroform. In 13Carbon-NMR, the 4-aminobenzoic acid spectrum has 5 peaks representing 5 distinct carbon atmospheres and benzocaine has 7 peaks representing 7 distinct carbon atmospheres. The peaks are at about 165ppm-168ppm for both molecules represents the occurrence of the carbonyl group (C=O). Furthermore, the solvents were seen on both spectrums. One of 4-aminobenzoic acid’s peaks was at 40.1326ppm which represents DMSO, and benzocaine’s peak was at 77.1052 which represent Chloroform. In the DEPT-135 NMR (Distortionless Enhancement by Polarisation Transfer), it only exemplifies the occurrence between three kinds of carbon groups, (-CH), (-CH2) and (-CH3). (-CH) and (-CH3) carbons are identified through the positive peaks whereas (-CH2) is identified through the negative peaks on the spectrum. By looking at the 4-aminobenzoic acid spectrum, there are two positive peaks representing those are either (-CH) or (-CH3) carbon groups. In the benzocaine spectrum, the occurrence of (-CH) and (-CH3) carbon groups was identified via the positive peaks. However a negative peak was also identified representing a (-CH2) carbon group has occurred in the spectrum. The Infrared spectroscopy is useful for analysing the occurrence of different functional groups of the chemical structures such as benzocaine and isopropyl 4-aminobenzoate. By analysing both products, absorption peaks at about 3361cm-1-3457cm-1 on the spectrum were seen at both products. It was considered that the occurrence of the amine group (N-H) was located at the region. Furthermore looking at the structures of both products, the amine group was connected to carbon with the peaks at about 1308.72cm-1-1365.61cm-1 of the spectrum, which represents a C-N bond found in aromatic amine groups. Additionally, looking at the absorption peaks at about 1441.17cm-1-1441.98cm-1 between the two products, it is considered as the aromatic ring (benzene). Moving through the benzene ring, the spectrum shows the occurrence of the carbonyl group (C=O) that is part of ester group in both products. The absorption peaks measured was about 2824.37cm-1-2983.54cm-1. The carbonyl group of two products were also connected with a C-O bond which is part of the ester group. The peaks measured were 1167.10cm-1-1168.85cm-1 in both products. Conclusion: This experiment was considered failure in terms of the weight of the products. It is time-dependent to obtain more accurate yields and handling techniques. Although the melting points were not varied critically, the first product (benzocaine) was not able to achieve a pure product due to high melting point. Although this experiment was considered failure, we still achieved to synthesize 4-aminobenzoic acid to benzocaine and its derivative (isopropyl 4-aminobenzoic acid). Why do you think the pH of 8 cannot be exceeded in this experiment? In the experiment, the reactants carboxylic acid (4-aminobenzoic acid) and ethanol were used to synthesize esters (benzocaine, isopropyl 4-aminobenzoic acid) and water molecules as leaving group. The Fischer Esterification reaction mainly functions at pH less than 8. However, increasing the alkalinity atmosphere in this experiment implies the occurrence of additional –OH (hydroxide ions) in the reaction. The additional hydroxide ions could cause the reaction to reverse, making the reactants to be more favourable and fewer products will be form. As mentioned, Fischer Esterification usually functions at pH less than 8. However, increasing the alkalinity environment would cause the reaction saponification to dominate since the reaction is reversed. How do you expect the Rf value if you have been asked to the synthesize the butyl and pentyl derivatives? By synthesizing the butyl and pentyl derivatives the Rf value would differ since the polarity with the molecular structure is different. I assumed that the butyl and pentyl derivatives that were made could cause Rf value decreases as the alkyl chain increases. As the chain increases the polarity drops therefore the Rf value decreases. Reference: R. Milnard. The preparation of the local Anesthetic, Benzocaine, by an Esterification Reaction [Internet]. 2006 [updated 2006 October 18; cited 2014 March 7]. Available from: http://courses.chem.psu.edu/chem36/SynFa06Web/Expt86.pdf Cerner Multum Inc. Benzocaine Topical [Internet]. 2013 [updated 2013 May 15; cited 2014 March 7]. Available from: http://www.everydayhealth.com/drugs/benzocaine-topical Clark Jim. Interpreting C-13 NMR Spectra? [Internet]. 2007 [updated 2007; cited 2014 March 7]. Available from: http://www.chemguide.co.uk/analysis/nmr/interpretc13.html Clark Jim. The mechanism for the esterification reaction [Internet]. 2002 [updated 2004; cited 2014 March 7]. Available from: http://www.chemguide.co.uk/physical/catalysis/esterify.html

Computer Addiction

Study Computer games have been leisure most in secondary level students. Students who are addicted to computer games, most all of them do not attend their classes just to play with their friends or classmates. Students who don't still know how to play computer games that who are willing to know In playing computer games can be easily addicted to it and some do not do their dally tasks anymore. Many students have no good educational background because they don't focus on their studies. Some computer addict are undergraduates and don't want to go to school anymore.Because of this, computer shops prohibited elementary and high school students to go inside the shops. Some students who are in last year of high school have previous experiences that the regret towards being addicted to computer games, since that they will not graduate If they don't want to attend to school anymore. Statement of the Problem This study aims to determine the Effect of Computer Games to IBIS 2nd year students. Specifically, it sought to answer the following questions: 1 . What are the effects of Computer Games to IBIS 2nd year students studies? 2.What are the effects of Computer Games to IBIS 2nd year students health? 3. What are the reasons why IBIS 2nd year students addicted to computer games? Objectives The study has the following objectives: 1. To know the effects of Computer Games to IBIS 2nd year of Tarmac College of Agriculture students studies. 2. To know the effects of computer Games to IBIS 2nd year of Tarmac college of Agriculture students health. 3. To know the reasons why IBIS 2nd year of Tarmac College of Agriculture students addicted to computer games. Time and Place The study will be conducted at the researchers room In IT b, Institute ofEngineering, Tarmac College of Agriculture, Canalling, Tarmac, from September to October. Scope and Delimitation's The study will be focus and limited only to the effects of computer games to IBIS 2nd year students of Tarmac College of Agr iculture. Computer Games are game played using a computer, typically a video game. Addiction the fact or condition of being addicted to a particular substance, thing, or activity. Computer Games Addiction the condition of being addicted to computer games. Hypothesis Students suffer to their studies because of addiction of computer games. Computer Addiction Computer addiction, a loosely used term with Internet Addiction, or Video game addiction, is the excessive or compulsive use of computers to the extent that it interferes with daily life. This disorder may affect the following: social interaction, mood, personality, work ethic, relationships, thought process. It may also cause social disorders or possibly sleep deprivation. It is important to note that as of now, psychologists are not sure how to label this disorder. Many refer to it as Internet Addiction Disorder; however, computer addiction originated long before internet use is as common as it is today. In addition, the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders has yet to recognize this exact disorder, and are more likely to include a more specific term of addiction, such as Internet Addiction, or Video game addiction. Some people develop bad habits in their computer use that cause them significant problems in their lives. The types of behavior and negative consequences are similar to those of known addictive disorders; therefore, the term Computer or Internet Addiction has come into use. While anyone who uses a computer could be vulnerable, those people who are lonely, shy, easily bored, or suffering from another addiction or impulse control disorder as especially vulnerable to computer abuse. Computer abuse can result from people using it repeatedly as their main stress reliever, instead of having a variety of ways to cope with negative events and feelings. Other misuses can include procrastination from undesirable responsibilities, distraction from being upset, and attempts to meet needs for companionship and belonging.

A Deadly Mistake Uncovered on Sample Opinion Essay Topics and How to Avoid It

A Deadly Mistake Uncovered on Sample Opinion Essay Topics and How to Avoid It How to Choose Sample Opinion Essay Topics If you need an example written by means of a student check out our vast assortment of absolutely free student models. Students ought to be permitted to pray in school. School tests aren't powerful. Yearly driving tests ought to be mandatory over a particular age. Make certain you are aware of what the distinctive qualities of an argumentative essay are. To put it differently, the essay should say how you intend to get ready for class. So you are assigned with a persuasive essay but you need no clue what it appears like. Essays term papers dissertations and a lot more. These IELTS sample essays are categorised in a manner that makes it simple for you to observe how certain essay question types require that you present certain responses to be sure the question is totally answered. There are some easy guidelines to follow as a way to be in a position to compose a decent persuasive essay. You have to have skills to compose a great essay. If you are feeling confident about your essay-writing abilities, you can surely branch out into longer and more intricate essays. Kids ought to be able to vote. Parents should speak to kids about drugs at a youthful age. Children need to be able to use cellphones in school. They should be required to read more. Things You Won't Like About Sample Opinion Essay Topics and Things You Will Year round school isn't a good idea. It is crucial to protect against the kids from the dust in the home. The school day ought to be shorter. Some feel parents ought to be allowed to provide permission for their minor chil dren to acquire tattoos, since they are making the decision for their own children. There are invariably a wide variety of opinions on the field of technology, and here are our favourite things to consider on the subject. The advice below act as a handy guide whenever you're writing your opinion essay. As tempting as it might appear to skip past the extra info and go straight to the list of persuasive essay topics, don't do it. It is going to also be a lot simpler to write about a topic you're passionate about. Facts, ultimately, will always win out against how folks are feeling at a specific moment. Before students begin to write, it is a fantastic idea for them to earn a list of the points they wish to make to their readers. Racial slurs ought to be illegal. Read lots of chekhov persuasive. If you are a newcomer to argumentative essay writing, it is far better to pick an effortless topic. To start with, your motivation for a writer is affected by the essay topic you op t for. The ESL essay ought to be grammatically accurate. You can search for a persuasive essay example and utilize it like a guide in writing of own essay. There are lots of aspects about a sport which can be argued in an essay. To locate argumentative essay topics easy on various platforms, you will need to comprehend about the argumentative essay. You must be very careful when choosing an essay topic. Try out a few of these topics. School should happen in the evenings. MP3 music needs to be free. Your kid was requested to compose an essay as part of a school project, or as a sort of essay contests for children, and you might find it hard to think of persuasive essay topics. Persuade your teacher to provide the class a reward for work well done. To appear beautiful, you should be feeling fresh. Sometimes, it's a great idea in order to add something funny to your argumentative essay. Despite the fact that the span of the topic will mostly depend on the duration of an essay you're going to write, it is is still a good idea to choose one definite question and adhere to it in your work. In the end, make certain that the topic you decide on can be supported by some factual evidence. Sample Opinion Essay Topics Help! When it has to do with writing an argumentative essay, the most significant point to do is to select a topic and an argument that you could really get behind. For instance, you ought to keep the readers in mind as you select arguments to back up your position. An excellent conclusion can summarize the principal points of the essay in a couple of sentences. An important point of earning a convincing argument is to obey a logical structure. The direction you formulate your argument heavily is based on the essay type. Each opinion has to be backed by three or more facts or parts of evidence to support it. Give arguments to back up your opinion. Give reasons and examples to back up your opinion. There's, naturally, a limit on the range of pages even our finest writers can produce with a pressing deadline, but usually, we figure out how to satisfy all the clients seeking urgent assistance. Creative Essay writing is currently recognized among the most useful activity for kids for their general personality development. They are simple to write and place your assignment on a firm footing, as they enable you to say in rather clear language, exactly what your paper is all about just what you're setting out to investigate. It is not important to us, whether you're too busy on the job concentrating on a passion undertaking, or simply tired of a seemingly infinite stream of assignments. Essays are not difficult to writet hey all follow the exact structurewhich I will demonstrate in an instant. Smoking ought to be banned for everyone. Cigarettes need to be more expensive.

The Day Labor Market in Phoenix, Arizona Essay - 3061 Words

The Day Labor Market in Phoenix, Arizona Introduction This paper focuses on the Macehualli Day Labor Union located in Phoenix, Arizona in the 85032 area. Throughout the history of the United States, illegal immigrants have come from all over the world to find work and a better way of life. It is estimated that right now there are about seven million illegal aliens living in America. About 69% of these illegal immigrants are Mexican and over 283,000 of them live in Arizona1. In this paper, we presuppose that the illegal aliens we refer to are Mexican. This is because the aliens living in the geographic area around the day labor center we examine are over 99% Mexican (Reza, 2003, personal interview). Many Mexicans risk†¦show more content†¦Background of Day Labor 3 These circumstances have lead to the reemergence of a concept that has existed for a long time: day labor. Day labor used to be geared more towards American citizens looking for temporary jobs, but has now taken a new turn in order to fit the necessities of illegal workers. Day labor is defined as â€Å"a practice of searching for work in open air, informal markets such as street corners or in formal temp agencies† (â€Å"Work,† 307). Under this type of labor, the undocumented immigrant is considered an independent contractor or a temporary domestic worker, and therefore employers are not obliged to ask for work authorization (â€Å"Work,† 325). Day labor is extremely beneficial to aliens in that it allows immigrants to enter the work force without being required to have legal immigration status. There are two types of day labor industries: informal and formal. Informal day labor consists mostly of men gathering on street corners or parking lots to solicit work. It is considered informal because it is in no way regulated. 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